Chpt 6 - Linux Filesystem Administration
Storage Mgt and Partitions
[root@server01 etc]# fdisk -lDisk /dev/sda: 64.4 GB, 64424509440 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 7832 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0002d481
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 64 7833 62401536 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/mapper/vg_server01-lv_root: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/vg_server01-lv_root doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/mapper/vg_server01-lv_swap: 4227 MB, 4227858432 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 514 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/vg_server01-lv_swap doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/mapper/vg_server01-lv_home: 5981 MB, 5981077504 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 727 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/vg_server01-lv_home doesn't contain a valid partition table
[root@server01 etc]#
[root@server01 etc]# mount
/dev/mapper/vg_server01-lv_root on / type ext4 (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0")
/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw)
/dev/mapper/vg_server01-lv_home on /home type ext4 (rw)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw)
gvfs-fuse-daemon on /root/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon (rw,nosuid,nodev)
/dev/sr0 on /media/RHEL_6.1 x86_64 Disc 1 type iso9660 (ro,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=udisks,uid=0,gid=0,iocharset=utf8,mode=0400,dmode=0500)
[root@server01 etc]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_server01-lv_root
51606140 6114864 42869836 13% /
tmpfs 1027936 260 1027676 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 495844 31945 438299 7% /boot
/dev/mapper/vg_server01-lv_home
5749032 142524 5314464 3% /home
/dev/sr0 3516418 3516418 0 100% /media/RHEL_6.1 x86_64 Disc 1
[root@server01 etc]#
[root@server01 etc]# df -haFilesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_server01-lv_root
50G 5.9G 41G 13% /
proc 0 0 0 - /proc
sysfs 0 0 0 - /sys
devpts 0 0 0 - /dev/pts
tmpfs 1004M 260K 1004M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 485M 32M 429M 7% /boot
/dev/mapper/vg_server01-lv_home
5.5G 140M 5.1G 3% /home
none 0 0 0 - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
sunrpc 0 0 0 - /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs
gvfs-fuse-daemon 0 0 0 - /root/.gvfs
/dev/sr0 3.4G 3.4G 0 100% /media/RHEL_6.1 x86_64 Disc 1
Using fdisk :
- p examine partition table
- n create new partition table
- p or l (primary or logical)
- e extended partition
- w write partition table changes
- m help menu
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xf614dc33.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda1: 524 MB, 524288000 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 63 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xf614dc33
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Command (m for help):
[root@server01 etc]# parted
GNU Parted 2.1
Using /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted)
(parted) print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 64.4GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 525MB 524MB primary ext4 boot
2 525MB 64.4GB 63.9GB primary lvm
(parted)
(parted) help mkpart
mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END make a partition
PART-TYPE is one of: primary, logical, extended
FS-TYPE is one of: ext4, ext3, ext2, fat32, fat16, hfsx, hfs+, hfs, jfs, swsusp, linux-swap(v1), linux-swap(v0), ntfs, reiserfs, hp-ufs, sun-ufs, xfs,
apfs2, apfs1, asfs, amufs5, amufs4, amufs3, amufs2, amufs1, amufs0, amufs, affs7, affs6, affs5, affs4, affs3, affs2, affs1, affs0, linux-swap,
linux-swap(new), linux-swap(old)
START and END are disk locations, such as 4GB or 10%. Negative values count from the end of the disk. For example, -1s specifies exactly the last
sector.
'mkpart' makes a partition without creating a new file system on the partition. FS-TYPE may be specified to set an appropriate partition ID.
(parted)
(parted) mklabel
New disk label type?
Filesystem Formats
Creating a swap partition with parted :Added a 10 GB new virtual disk :
[root@server01 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table
[root@server01 ~]#[root@server01 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
121920 inodes, 487424 blocks
24371 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=67633152
60 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2032 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185, 401409
Create an ext4 partition first (practice) :
[root@server01 ~]# parted /dev/sdb
GNU Parted 2.1
Using /dev/sdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) mklabel
New disk label type? msdos
(parted) mkpart
Partition type? primary/extended? primary
File system type? [ext2]? ext4
Start? 1MB
End? 500MB
(parted) print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 500MB 499MB primary
(parted)
(parted) mkpart
Partition type? primary/extended? primary
File system type? [ext2]? linux-swap
Start? 501MB
End? 1000MB
(parted) print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 500MB 499MB primary
2 500MB 1000MB 500MB primary
(parted)
[root@server01 ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb2
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 488444 KiB
no label, UUID=9f4834c5-5901-45d8-9b0c-1c265c057721
[root@server01 ~]# swapon /dev/sdb2
[root@server01 ~]#
[root@server01 ~]# cat /proc/swaps
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-1 partition 4128760 0 -1
/dev/sdb2 partition 488440 0 -2
[root@server01 ~]#
Basic Linux Filesystems and Directories
Mount these directories as part of the root filesystem : /bin, /dev, /etc, /lib, /root, /sbin, /selinuxThese dierctories may be on their own partitions :
/, /boot, /opt, /srv, /tmp, /var
LVM and LUKS Setup
NOTE : Show examples for parted using LVM
[root@server01 ~]# yum install gnome-disk-utility -y
Creating an ext4 filesystem on our new partition /dev/sdb1 :
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 34 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@server01 ~]#
Quick LVM Example :
[root@server01 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00099af9
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 61 487424 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sdb2 61 122 488448 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 3
First cylinder (122-1305, default 122):
Using default value 122
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (122-1305, default 1305): +2GB
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00099af9
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 61 487424 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sdb2 61 122 488448 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sdb3 122 365 1954966+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@server01 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00099af9
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 61 487424 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sdb2 61 122 488448 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sdb3 122 365 1954966+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help): 3
3: unknown command
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-4): 3
Hex code (type L to list codes): L
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 3 to 8e (Linux LVM)
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@server01 ~]#
[root@server01 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb3
Device /dev/sdb3 not found (or ignored by filtering).
???
[root@server01 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00099af9
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 61 487424 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sdb2 61 122 488448 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sdb3 122 365 1954966+ 8e Linux LVM
[root@server01 ~]# parted /dev/sdb
GNU Parted 2.1
Using /dev/sdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) set
Partition number? 3
Flag to Invert? lvm
New state? on/[off]? on
Warning: WARNING: the kernel failed to re-read the partition table on /dev/sdb
(Device or resource busy). As a result, it may not reflect all of your changes
until after reboot.
(parted)
LUKS Example :
[root@server01 ~]# lsmod | grep dm_crypt
[root@server01 ~]# modprobe dm_crypt
[root@server01 ~]# lsmod | grep dm_crypt
dm_crypt 12988 0
dm_mod 75539 12 dm_crypt,dm_mirror,dm_log
[root@server01 ~]#
[root@server01 ~]# yum install cryptsetup-luks -y
[root@server01 ~]# dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/sdb3
dd: writing to `/dev/sdb3': No space left on device
6303619+0 records in
6303618+0 records out
3227452416 bytes (3.2 GB) copied, 964.044 s, 3.3 MB/s
[root@server01 ~]#
[root@server01 ~]# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdb3
WARNING!
========
This will overwrite data on /dev/sdb3 irrevocably.
Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES
Enter LUKS passphrase:
Verify passphrase:
Cannot format device /dev/sdb3 which is still in use.
Stop here with LUKS example, mayhaps needs an un-formatted partition ???
Hmmm ...come back to this little later , in a nutshell :
# pvcreate /dev/sdb3
# vgcreate vgDiskB3 /dev/sdb3
# vgextend vgDiskB3 /dev/sdb3
# lvcreate -L 200M vgDiskB3 -n flex
Command set for LVM manipulation is like : pv* , vg* , lv* , resize2fs,
GUI LVM Tool :
[root@server01 ~]# yum install system-config-lvm -y
NOTE : More later on LVM's frpom the book lab !!
[root@server01 ~]# parted /dev/sdb print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 500MB 499MB primary ext4
2 500MB 1000MB 500MB primary linux-swap(v1)
3 1000MB 3002MB 2002MB primary lvm
[root@server01 ~]#
OK finally fixed the LVM thing, had to reboot (go figure) :
[root@server01 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb3
Physical volume "/dev/sdb3" successfully created
[root@server01 ~]# vgcreate vgDiskB3 /dev/sdb3
Volume group "vgDiskB3" successfully created
[root@server01 ~]# vgextend vgDiskB3 /dev/sdb3
Physical volume '/dev/sdb3' is already in volume group 'vgDiskB3'
Unable to add physical volume '/dev/sdb3' to volume group 'vgDiskB3'.
oops, guess that is for adding extra PV's to my VG.
[root@server01 ~]# lvcreate -l 1 vgDiskB3 -n logvol3B
Logical volume "logvol3B" created
Autofs files for autofs service :
/etc/auto.master/etc/auto.misc
/etc/auto.net
/etc/auto.smb
[root@server01 ~]# service autofs status
automount (pid 1644) is running...
NOTE : Show a better example of Autofs with NFS later !!
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